The development of vaccines that prevent infection of humans by Hepatitis A and B viruses and antivirals that provide curative therapies for hepatitis C virus infections is one of the clearest examples of the critical nature of an NHP preclinical model, in this case the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). 4 0 obj Additionally, a large number of scientists use genetic engineering (i.e., inserting, deleting, or otherwise altering the function of genes) or physical, chemical, and/or biological means to cause human conditions or symptoms in animals, creating models who may exhibit human diseases. These studies include the effects of long-term energy restriction in aging NHPs. , Suemizu H, Shimada A, Hanazawa K, Oiwa R, Kamioka M, Tomioka I, Sotomaru Y, Hirakawa R, Eto T, Shiozawa S, Maeda T, Ito M, Ito R, Kito C, Yagahashi C, Kawai K, Miyoshi H, Tanioka Y, Tamaoki N, Habu S, Okano H, Nomura T. SCHEER (Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks) . . Monroe, C. Baird, J. Peterson, A. Mast, M. Manco-Johnson, M. Stobb, S. Sindi, A. Fogelson, K. Leiderman, K.B. Kilkenny Sasaki The ability to transport NHPs by air has changed dramatically in the past several years. These authors also comment on emerging areas in the field of female reproduction, including infection with Zika virus and the potential use of transgenic technologies such as the CRISPR/Cas9 system, to create new disease models relevant to translational research related to womens reproductive health. Researchers use these animals to learn about the dynamics of diseases, lifestyle or environmental effects on the disease, or treatment methods, and hope that the findings will relate in some way to people. These data are now expected for publications that describe rodent-based experiments. Coulston is cited for multiple violations of the WebThe Experimental Use of Chickens and Other Birds in Biomedical and Agricultural Research by Karen Davis, PhD, President of United Poultry Concerns, was graciously funded by the [12] The resulting alternative was later used by a number of product and cosmetics companies. These include models for Huntingtons Disease (Chan 2013), diseases caused by mitochondrial mutations (Takibana et al. , Coleman K, Hobbs TR, Lutz C. Van Rompay Translational Research International HapMap Consortium animal ethics and scientific research D WebIn 2010, the European Commission passed legislation to prohibit the use of great apes in biomedical research. [43], On June 26, 2013, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced it would move forward with plans to retire almost 90% of its chimpanzees to sanctuary. Commercial airlines that once transported NHPs no longer do so. American Anti-Vivisection Society 2023. Dudley Chimpanzees have also been moved by truck from various centers to the Chimp Haven sanctuary within the United States, as mandated by the NIH (Reardon 2015), following a complex review process that involved, among others, the US National Academy of Medicine and the NIH Council of Councils and Directors Office with input from researchers and stakeholders. Project R&R successfully led the charge to end the use of chimpanzees in U.S. biomedical research and testing. [47], NEAVS supports using alternatives to animals in research, testing, and education, and promotes in vitro, epidemiological, and clinical study data as more predictive for humans. The development of breeding and technology centers in China and Japan is a more recent phenomenon that is impacting translational research (Cyranoski 2014, 2016). F , Zhang XF, Choi SH, Okahara J, Sasaki E, Silva AC. . As issue editor, I expect that these reviews will be of use to many different researchers, including clinical investigators as well as personnel in funding agencies, as would be expected. ARLO aims to In summary, more detailed reporting of the characteristics of NHPs used in experiments can improve reproducibility and can lead to new avenues of investigation. The rhesus macaque, which is the species most frequently used by academic investigators in the United States, can be obtained from the NPRCs, CROs, and other US centers, with reasonable waiting times. This could facilitate, for example, identification of potentially deleterious gene variants present in the heterozygous state that can be developed into homozygous animal models of specific human diseases, particularly for Mendelian (single gene) diseases. NHPs present difficulties relative to rodents in regard to genetic modification. Examples include support for women doing research that does not involve animals and is aimed at understanding, among other things, sex differences' effect on biomedical research results as well as the implications of such differences for the use of other species to extrapolate animal data to human health; and environmentalism through investigation of the serious and detrimental environmental impact that the use and disposal of millions of animals used in research, testing, and education has on the environment (women and the environment are the core of NEAVS' Common Ground campaign). [25] In 2004 after the bill was vetoed by Governor Mitt Romney, who said that the decision should be made by the Massachusetts Department of Education,[26][27] ESEC's continued advocacy led the State Board of Education to issue a policy in 2005 allowing students to choose alternatives to dissection. Marr, [91] D. Disharoon, B.G. Although it would be impractical to publish the entire animal record for each experimental subject, these records contain a great deal of information that could be mined by qualified investigators to aid in the design of experiments and to form the basis of retrospective studies that could include animals or tissues derived from them from several different centers and investigations. J Thus, there must be a parallel effort to accomplish more sophisticated NHP phenotyping in large numbers of animals. JA Kris Coleman and Melinda Novak review best practices for environmental enrichment in the husbandry of NHPs. Harding This phenomenon, however, is also highly nuanced. , Pang W, Agui T, Lee BH. 2 0 obj The NPRCs and the other large US NHP Centers are a logical choice to champion dialog regarding approaches to multi-center studies related to NHPs and translational research. Approximately 2000 animals were transferred, without loss of a single animal; specific pathogen-free animals remained free of viruses. Matthew Banks and colleagues review many of the preclinical studies aimed at understanding the etiology of substance abuse disorders (drug addiction) and developing therapies using preclinical animal models, particularly NHPs. [8], The philosophy of NEAVS emphasizes that the use of animals in research, testing, and education is unscientific, as shown in numerous studies; is unnecessary due to the availability of and continuing development of alternatives that yield results superior to animal use; and that the humane and ethical arguments against the suffering and death of millions of animals in labs each year has never been stronger given how modern science shows animal use has limitations, dangers, and is little or no benefit to human health. [51][52], NEAVS is also the U.S. Executive Office for Cruelty Free International, founded by the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (BUAV). As reported by company scientists, estimates of failure rate range from 89% (Begley and Ellis 2012) to 7580% (Prinz et al. This paper emphasizes the fact that environmental enrichment is a dynamic process that has evolved over time and will continue to be optimized in the future. Laboratories sticking painful eye irritants into restrained rabbit's eyes to test an eye product and cats being forced to have brain electrocutions to test for neurological pharmaceutical drugs are just two of hundreds of products tested on animals according to PETA (peta.org). Funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. This type of multi-center approach is often used for clinical studies by the medical community (Llovera and Liesz 2016 and references therein) and by the human genomics community for large-scale investigations of large human disease cohorts, using genome-wide association studies (Manolio 2013, 2017). Web (NHPs) . As pointed out in the article, several different animal models have been used, and model development remains a very active area of preclinical research. Taylor Foreman and colleagues discuss the use of NHPs as preclinical models for development of vaccines that protect against infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and for therapies that can ameliorate tuberculosis. NEAVS' campaign against hormone replacement therapy drugs made from the urine of pregnant horses encourages women to use alternatives. Our vision is to use engineering science to discover mechanisms that regulate blood disorders and innate immunity, and to exploit those mechanisms to develop diagnostic and drug delivery technologies. Roth, D.W.M. Welcome to the Neeves Lab at University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus. WebBiomedical Research. There is a distinct disconnect between the very high level of support of the pubic for medical research aimed at ameliorating disease and the discomfort of many with the animal-based research that is essential for development of pharmaceuticals and vaccines. 2017). Project R&R achieved its goal for a worldwide end to harmful, invasive, and lethal research on all great apes in the U.S.the largest holding of chimpanzees for use in research in the world. [20] The resulting test better predicted human lethal blood concentrations. The regulatory laboratories provided diagnostic services for (2017), lack of rigor in preclinical animal studies, including basic aspects of reproducibility such as blinding, sample sizes, and use of both males and females, contribute to lack of reproducibility.