The verb also carries the subject and object prefixes. (1998) Phonetic Assessment of Tone Spreading. The Xhosa S41 voiced clicks are breathy or slack voiced (Jessen & Roux 2002) and may even be devoiced (Maphalala et al. A closure in the vocal tract is formed by the back of the tongue contacting the roof of the mouth in the velar or uvular area and a second closure is formed in front of the location of this closure by the tip or blade of the tongue or the lips, as shown at timestep 1. This illustrates one instance where the occurrence of cross-linguistically less common phonetic segments may be disguised by notational practices. Part of the aim of the present chapter is therefore to draw greater attention to this diversity. R. (2015) High Vowel Fricativization as an Areal Feature of the Northern Cameroon Grassfields. London: Gregg International. Mutaka (2000) Coproduction and Coarticulation of Clicks in IsiZulu: Aerodynamic and Electropalatographic Evidence. Charette Lindemann ), The Complete Linguist: Papers in Memory of Patrick J. Dickens, 135170. Dogil, G. 23: 120. & The fragment marked B has voiceless oral airflow, with resonances similar to those of the following /a/ vowel. Because the insert does not cover the soft palate, this closure cannot be observed on the EPG record at this time. There are four click accompaniments in Fwe K402: voiceless unaspirated, voiced oral, voiced nasal and voiceless nasal, but the language has no contrast for click type or place (Gunnink forthcoming). Miller, A. & Berkeley Linguistics Society L. J. A detailed study of a weakly whistled fricative in Tsonga S53 shows that the narrowed lip posture is accompanied by a retroflex lingual gesture and thus may be transcribed with a retroflex fricative symbol [], e.g., [r] disasters (Lee-Kim et al. The abbreviations in parentheses may . Figure 3.5 , The question of the role of ATR interacts with the question of the nature of the high vowels, as the *super-high/*high contrast might have been an expression of an ATR contrast or transformed into one in daughter languages. Figure 3.35 (1972) The Relationships of Coastal Ndau to the Shona Dialects of the Interior. van Zanten Nathan , (PDF) Modern Democracy and Traditional Bantu Governance: Towards an & The top and middle rows show a waveform and spectrogram, respectively. ), Turbulent Sounds: An Interdisciplinary Guide, 245279. In this language, the vowels are to a large degree placed where they might be expected, given a respect for dispersion principles. 2006), as seen for the ATR /e/ and RTR /e/ vowels in parts a) and b) of The members of the high vowel pairs /i / and /u / in Vove B305 have virtually the same second formant values as each other and differ only in F1. It is accompanied by a separate map in which the Bantu languages are numbered in accordance with the system described in the fourth section. Source: Recording made available by Hilde Gunnink. Figure 3.5 Clicks do not occur in Venda S21 (Ziervogel et al. Riallands (2007) survey includes seven different prosodic types found in Bantu languages, the most common being the use of register expansion along with the reduction of downdrift. Sands ), Bantu Historical Linguistics: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives, 235295. In the South-East, the core is formed by the languages of the Nguni group (S40), especially Xhosa S41, Zulu S42, Phuthi S404 and Zimbabwean Ndebele S44, which have between 12 and 15 click consonants; Swati S43 has fewer clicks (Doke 1954, Pakendorf et al. & There is a distinct breathy/slack voiced nasalised accompaniment; these two series are depressor consonants. Some speakers of Xhosa S41 produce plain clicks with ejection (Jessen 2002). 123). Kerremans 1980). In 33(4): 427446. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Thornell Journal of Phonetics & A. Lee-Kim, S.-I. Rice de Schryver The click in the second syllable has a dorsal release that is closer in time to the release of the anterior click closure. (1945) A Preliminary Study of the Lexicological Influence of the Nguni Languages on Southern Sotho. Ngonga-Ke-Mbembe Summary. (2009) Preliminary Impressions from the Sociolinguistic Survey of the Jar Dialects. Soga JE16 follows this pattern, as shown in the palatograms in and , 46(2): 219228. shows a spectrogram of the Nyamwezi F22 word /apo/ basket spoken in isolation. ), Beitrge zur 1. Since these segments make for easy tracking of F0 through the consonant, the centring of the depression on the consonant can be most easily visualised with them. Medjo Mv, P. 2017). Speakers wear a thin custom-made acrylic insert moulded to the shape of their upper teeth and hard palate in which a number of electrodes are embedded which sense contact between the tongue and the roof of the mouth. A. ] and to be invariably long. Tervuren: Royal Museum for Central Africa. (forthcoming) for a description of the methodology used to obtain the images. A variety of tonal systems are found in Bantu languages; tone may carry a lexical or grammatical function. In (2002) Bantu Cologne Reconstructions 3. 25(3): 299356. Sande Figure 3.24 The center portion of the tongue is then lowered while the two main closures are maintained (timesteps 23), enlarging the volume of the space between them. The basic click mechanism does not determine what the larynx is doing while these movements are taking place in the oral cavity, nor whether the velum itself is raised or lowered to block or permit air from the lungs to flow out through the nose. Figure 3.22 Zare: revue congolaise . /, //) (Fulop et al. Journal of the International Phonetic Association Bako & Faytak, M. ), Studies in Compensatory Lengthening. Riera (1999) Phnomnes de contact entre les langues minyanka et bambara (Sud du Mali). High front vowels condition tap allophones of /l/ in Ganda JE15 (Myers 2015) and Tsonga S53 (Bennett & Lee 2015), and of /r/ in the Washili variety of Ngazidja G44a (Patin 2013). In these words there is noticeably breathy phonation during part of the consonant and at the vowel onset which is transcribed as []. Bokamba, E. G. H. S. The two vocoid approximants /j/ and /w/ occur in many languages, often alternating with high vowels /i u/. Lee Roux, J. C. Parkinson A. The context-free liberty to vary place of articulation of clicks in some Bantu languages is rarely encountered with other classes of consonants. Kln: Institut fr Afrikanistik der Universitt zu Kln. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. ), Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. (eds. Emily This pattern is typical of that found in vowel systems where the back series is distinguished by degrees of height with no other factors being significantly involved. Somerville: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. Ziervogel, D. ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 195222. M. (eds. Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. 2011, Boyer & Zsiga 2013). (1931b) Report on the Unification of the Shona Dialects. (2015) Prehistoric Language Contact in the Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Area: Khoisan Influence on Southwestern Bantu Languages. Miller, A. Shryock Voiced stops tend to be made with a downward movement of the larynx, presumably to help sustain voicing (Monaka 2001). & MALCOLM The Classification of the Bantu Languages. Press; London, New Makasso, E.-M. (1987) Production and Perception of Sibilant Fricatives: Shona Data. & From frame 150 through to frame 170 the contacted area moves back, so that the configuration at the moment of release is clearly post-alveolar. The RTR vowel shows more tongue root retraction than the ATR vowel while the ATR vowel (on top) shows more of a bunched tongue shape. (1998) Few People, Many Tongues: The Languages of Namibia. Differences in lip posture appear to enhance the contrast between labio-dental /f v/ and labial fricatives / / in Kwangali K33 and in Manyo K332 (Ladefoged 1990). This process does not result in double articulations that are almost totally overlapped, as in labial-velars, but sequential articulations which are overlapped either not at all or no more than is typical of sequences such as /tk/ or /pk/ in English words like fruitcake or hopkiln. On the other hand, it does produce rather unusual consonant sequences in onset positions. The phonetic realisation of dental and alveolar consonants is dependent on the airstream mechanism. , the anterior click burst has a higher amplitude than the velar release burst, as is typical for clicks cross-linguistically. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. In Zulu, for instance, the lexical function is shown in the contrast between yng doctor and yng moon or yl refuse and yl begin. The grammatical function is illustrated in mnt person and mnt it is a person or nghlnz I wash and nghlnz I washing (the participial form). 2010), and in Tswana S31 only for some speakers (Coetzee & Pretorius 2010). Traill, A. Handbook of African Languages By M. A. Bryan. Each point represents the mean of 20 or 30 measurements on minimal sets of words differing only in the penultimate vowel, spoken by a male speaker. There are many dialects of Swahili (Wald et al., 2018, Walsh, 2017. London: University College, University of London, PhD dissertation. Surveys of intonation in Bantu languages include Zerbian and Barnard (2008) and the volume edited by Downing & Rialland (2016a). /) as well as glottalised and ejected clicks (e.g., / In Bemba M42, polar questions are marked by a final boundary L% on the final syllable, but pitch range expansion is also used (Kula & Hamann 2016). Hertford: Stephen Austen and Sons. There are many important interactions between these three aspects of phonetic structure and some of these will be taken up at the point where it seems appropriate to do so. In L. Noun class systems are universal and almost always marked by prefixes, occasionally by suffixes. T. C. Figure 3.1 , (1954) The Southern Bantu Languages. (1989) The Parentage and Development of Lozi. In contrast to these two affricated click types, a post-alveolar click is released without affrication. & Schwartz, J.-L. L. M. They form the largest branch of the Southern Bantoid languages.. Gunnink Contour tones may be restricted to heavy syllables. & Figure 3.4 . | Promotions In (eds.) 2(1): 5172. Renaud, P. Journal of the International Phonetic Association S. (1972) Numerical Simulation of Vowel Quality Systems: The Role of Perceptual Contrast. The second click also has a velar closure. Mbochi C25, which does not have downdrift, still has final lowering due to a L% boundary tone (Rialland & Aborobongui 2016).